Category Archives: Applications

Proposed applications for gravity-like fields across products, architecture, processes and services.

Second option for powering gMOD

This also posted in e-Cat World on the 17th:

“This short comment by Brian Ahern, CTO of Vibronic Energy, was posted on Peter Gluck’s Ergo Out web site today.

I am announcing the nanonickel breakthrough at the New Energy Symposium in NYC on Wednesday. I am saying the energy is real, repeatable and of useful output. I will also state that it is not of nuclear origin. I will say that it is a manifestation of asymmetric magnetism. This explains the lack of radiation accompanying my 21 watts of thermal excess power. Defkalion is getting even better results and others around the world are as well.

The energy landscape is going to change in a viral manner.

The New Energy Symposium is being held at 7 World Trade Center from July 17-19th, and Vibronic Energy Technologies is listed as one of the presenters there. Ahern has been working in the nickel-hydrogen reaction field for some time now, but neither he, or any other researcher in that field as far as I know has mentioned that the Ni-H reaction is a product of ‘asymmetric magnetism’. That sounds like something that would come from Steorn, rather than people working on LENR. Very curious.”
____________________

Steorn has a rather mixed reputation after a very high profile claim of an excess production of energy through subtle manipulation of asymmetric magnetism, and then switching to a very low profile as they develop their HephaHeat spinoff product.

In my book I had suggested that gravityships and other uses of gMOD might be continually powered either through LENR or through application of Steorn’s research in asymmetric magnetism to providing high energy outputs after an initial input of energy… very similar to LENR.

Many thousands of hours under four years of NDAs were spent by myself and dozens of outside engineers to study the “Steorn Effect” using solid and nanonickel alloys, but key elements to a successful replication were always out of reach. Now Ahern (PhD in Materials Science from MIT, consultant to the USAF and formerly of Ames National Laboratory) is similarly announcing energy production from asymmetric magnetism. Here is his presentation (actually more of a pitch… and parts are visually clipped) to the New Energy Symposium: http://cnse.albany.edu/download/Vibronic_Energy_Technologies.pdf

In NextBigFuture on Nov 18 of last year, it was reported that Ahern explained his findings to Akito Takahashi working to replicate the LENR experiments of Yashiaki Arata in early 2009 and he (Takahashi) succeeded immediately.

As NextBigFuture reported,
“Ahern has been funded for 2.5 years to replicate Arata and then push on towards Piantelli. Ahern has also been guiding George Miley’s group at UIUC on this nanotechnology, and the group seems to be enjoying a great deal of success in the month on October.

It also appears that the phenomenon may account for and explains a persistent mystery regarding the unification of physics.

Ahern states “In the last 8 weeks I have been astounded by a superior nanotechnology that will capture the imagination of even the greatest foes of LENR. I believe all of LENR is just a new and unanticipated form of nanomagnetism.”

First Research for Powering Vehicles with LENR

In my book “Gravity 2.0” I addressed the importance of employing uninterruptible and long lasting power sources for long-duration gravity vehicles, floating buildings and interstellar space craft.

I stated at that time (March 2011) that the U.S. Navy, and professors Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi of the University of Bologna among others were testing LENR (low energy nuclear reaction) reactors. LENR is the current generation of what used to be called “cold fusion.” Though 1MW power plants are currently being tested in Florida using this technology, to date there had not been an effort to employ this new technology for powering vehicles… but that has now changed.

As reported in E-Cat World, LENR Cars is a site that has recently appeared with the stated goal of “developing a zero emission car, self sustained in terms of energy for at least 40,000 km.” The project is headed by entrepreneur and engineer Nicolas Chauvin who is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Their cars will be powered with nickel-hydrogen LENR reactors.

According to the site, the preference is to use Defkalion GT’s 45kW Hyperion reactor as the basis for the LENR powered cells they hope to develop. Defkalion is a Greek firm leading industrial applications of LENR. LENR Cars were presenters at the recent International Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Symposium in Williamsburg, Virinia (ILENRS 12) and here is the slide show they used: http://lenrnews.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/LENR_CARS_NChauvin_ILENRS-12x.pdf

E-Cat and gravity generators

Over the past month there has been growing media coverage for Andrea Rossi’s E-Cat (energy catalyzer) technology. Today an article in the Boston Globe describes Rossi’s meeting with representatives from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northeastern University and the University of Massachusetts. He was invited by the state Senate’s minority leader, Bruce Tarr.

The E-Cat is the most recent generation of proposed LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction) describing what originally was known as “cold fusion”. The tie-in to gravity modification is that the E-Cat was mentioned in March in my book Gravity 2.0 as one of two potential energy technologies capable of providing a low-carbon sustained energy output for the continuous powering of gravity generators used in the maintenance of gravitational assists and the floating of architectural structures.

In late October Rossi demonstrated a 1 MW power plant that fits into a shipping container. It was independently tested then reportedly purchased by a military customer. Twelve other units have been ordered by that custom according to Ross and another plant was sold to a non-military customer willing to put the plant on display for public viewing.

For years LENR has been gaining interest by major research institutions. In May the chief scientist at NASA’s Langley Research Center wrote that are doing experiments to verify, or not, the Widom-Larsen theory which is a LENR replication. Also, the U.S. Navy’s SPAWAR laboratories have reported over the past few years their analysis of LENR replications. Rossi’s reported energy profiles produced by the E-Cat are far more energetic that those reported by any other research group and his work relies heavily upon prior research conducted by colleagues Sergio Focardi and Francesco Piantelli.

In a parallel development, Brian Ahern from Ames National Labs thinks that LENR is just a result of nanomagnetism. Ahern states “In the last 8 weeks I have been astounded by a superior nanotechnology that will capture the imagination of even the greatest foes of LENR. I believe all of LENR is just a new and unanticipated form of nanomagnetism.” Ahern reportedly will publish an expansion of his findings on Dec 7.

Rossi’s use of oscillating fields in his tests and Ahern’s focus on nanomagnetism are reminiscent of aspects of Steorn Inc.’s solid state “Orbo” technology which is being released under the title “HephaHeat.” Steorn still has yet to release working versions of its heating technology for public examination.

[In the interest of full disclosure I have been under a non-compensatory non-disclosure agreement to Steorn Inc. since May 2007.]

Gravityship Flyways

In May of 2009 I made the first mention of an upcoming book on gravity modification for designers. After several delays I would like to announce that the book was published in digital format and available for Amazon’s Kindle, Barnes and Noble’s Nook and on iTune’s iBooks for the iPhone and iPad in March of 2011. See the next post in this blog for additional details.

The title is “Gravity 2.0 – Design Strategies for a Gravity Modified World.” The book is about designed futures rather than a treatise on validating the science. Told from a designer’s perspective and borrowing from the great design visionaries of the past, the book includes the occasional “Design Vision”, which are future-based scenarios addressing new applications of gMod as if it were already a proven and commonly deployed technology.

After the initial publication a re-imagining of this site and interactive features will be added to create a more open and collaborative exploration of gMod. Included will be interactive models in Google Earth such as the gravityship flyways, commuter aerial routes for gravityships in and out of a city.

The Flyways file can also be downloaded HERE.

Black Swans: GME-2 And Orbo

“Black swans” are the extraordinary exceptions of scientific discovery most likely to increase economic competitiveness and cause profound shifts in our ordered world.  On November 21 I presented at MinneBar, the Minnesota Bar Camp’s “unconference” on the topic of black swans. It was held at the corporate headquarters of Best Buy in Minneapolis.

After a little background on myself and the nature of black swans, I gave two examples of potential candidates already discovered but yet to be widely recognized as valid discoveries: GME-2, the gravity propulsion configuration as proposed by Droscher and Hauser, and Orbo, the overunity technology claimed by Irish firm Steorn. Information for the GME-2 portion of the presentation was largely pulled from my upcoming book. Information for Orbo was all pulled from publicly available sources.

The presentation addressed the question of whether after their discovery (since their discovery is random) technology black swans can be leveraged to improve local economies before they have been recognized as true breakthroughs by the many who would exploit them.

After the presentation I provided a revised version of the slideshow. It can be accessed HERE.

A Clean Energy excerpt from gMOD – The Book

There are several companies working on prototype wind power plants to capture the ambient energy in high altitude wind. Integrated into inflatable balloons the wind plants are floated aloft to altitudes as high as 12,000 meters above ground level. A recent global assessment of wind power at high altitudes has shown that the highest wind power densities are near 10,000 meters over Japan and eastern China, the eastern coast of the United States, southern Australia, and north-eastern Africa.

One can imagine a fleet of gravitecture-enabled wind plants sent aloft to high-altitudes to harvest wind energy when the power density is at its peak. Power plants would rise and collecting sufficient energy to meet their operational needs as well a sufficient power for local urban needs, storing it within the plant’s array of supercapacitors.

But perhaps a high-altitude wind plant is not required at all. Rather than sending a wind plant up to find the suitable winds, gMOD might bring the winds down to the ground. Depending upon the range of gMOD fields that can be produced, the creation of a diffuse wide-area hypergravity field on the ground should attract air masses aloft downward. This would produce a movement of air similar to the natural meteorological occurrence of a downdraft where a more dense cold air riding over a mass of warmer air sinks toward the ground.

In nature if a downdraft is of sufficient size it can cause what is termed a “microburst” – a sinking column of air which is associated with “straight line” winds. Microbursts often form below concentrated rain shafts known as virga shafts, though “dry bursts” without accompanying precipitation are also possible. Both can cause severe hazards around airports and produce winds with speeds as high as 168 mph (270 km/h). Once the downdraft reaches the ground the winds tend to spread horizontally as straight line winds.

At the base of the downdraft a vortex ring surrounding the column may form strengthening after initially impacting the ground. A gMOD enabled continuous microburst could be engineered to produce a continuous vortex on or near the ground. A ground-station vortex turbine capturing the microburst would have access to energy densities as great or greater than a high altitude wind plant, plus all the advantages of a ground-based plant’s enduring connection to the power grid. It would also have the added benefit that the wind would be not be intermittent but could be stopped for maintenance by turning off the attractive gravity field.

Passive Manipulation of Gravito-Photons with Metamaterials?

In H.G. Wells’ novel The First Men in the Moon a scientist discovers “cavorite”, a mineral impervious to gravity that can also shield other materials from its effects. The search for materials with the ability to modify gravity have long been considered science fiction. But recently a paper by Minter, Wegter-McNelly and Chiao suggested that hypothesized High Frequency Gravity Waves (HFGWs) might be able to be reflected like a mirror by thin superconducting films when Cooper pairs are in motion. http://arxiv.org/abs/0903.0661

Whether this will be the case is uncertain and Chiao has had some setbacks with his “gravity-radio” experiments in 2003, but of greater interest to myself is not whether any passive material may be able to interact with gravity waves or gravitons to redirect their paths, but whether there are materials that would be able to interact with gravito-photons, the hypothesized particles in Extended Heim Theory.

My candidate would be metamaterials.

Metamaterials have been modeled to manipulate photons to create invisibility cloaks in a manner analogous to the warping of space by gravity. Researchers such as Ulf Leonhardt of the University of St. Andrews, John Pendry of Imperial College London and Dr Guenneau, at the University of Liverpools’s Department of Mathematical Science are just a few of the theoreticians that have made clear the potential of metamaterials.

They have also shown how metamaterials can mimic phenomena that have been associated with manipulations of space-time. Dr. Guenneau, explains. “Using this new computer model we can prove that light can bend around an object under a cloak and is not diffracted by the object. This happens because the metamaterial that makes up the cloak stretches the metrics of space, in a similar way to what heavy planets and stars do for the metrics of space-time in Einstein’s general relativity theory. http://www.physorg.com/news97945163.html

Ulf Leonhardt of the University of St Andrews in the UK working independently of John Pendry of Imperial College London, says, “This research shows how much electromagnetic or optical instruments can do… Interestingly, the new calculations are inspired by the geometry of curved space — a discipline that is normally in the firm hands of researchers in general relativity.”

There was also an article http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/080306-blackhole-fiber.html and news release on the creation of a fiber-optical analogue of the event horizon of a black hole. It simulated a gravitational phenomenon through the use of photonic-crystal fibers. A description of other instances of this effect is here: http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ulf/fibre.html.

A paper published in the March 2009 issue of Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Review, “Cloaking Devices, Electromagnetic Wormholes, and Transformation Optics,” presents an overview of the theoretical developments in cloaking from a mathematical perspective. The cloaking version of a wormhole allows for an invisible tunnel between two points in space through which electromagnetic waves can be transmitted. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/080716827

With such a close relationship between metamaterials and optical analogues of gravity events, and the generation of gravito-photons through gravito-magnetic interactions, perhaps one day metamaterials will be able to be designed to passively interact with propulsion or standing fields produced by gravito-photons. This might include the ability to pass through them, reflect them, or shape them to form gravito-lenses on a small scale.

Combating effects of global warning

In a new report “Climate Change: Adapting to the Inevitable?”, published by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the authors state: “Changes in climate conditions will present engineers with a wide range of challenges. These challenges relate to how existing infrastructure and buildings may need to change to function under a new climate system, and how new systems can be designed and built to function under a different climate, thereby helping the world to adapt.“

How might these challenges be better addressed through the application of gravity modification technology for combating the effects of global warming? Implementations of gMOD such as lifting structures, retaining floodwaters and abating other effects of climate change brought on by fossil fuels may turn out to be economically viable solutions once gravity is under our control.

While the report focuses upon design changes that will “increase the resilience of infrastructure systems and components”, new technological domains such as gMOD could offer tools and tactics to ameliorate the impact of climate change. Countries such China, Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia face increasing sea levels that threaten their economies. Countries in central Europe and Africa face direct threat to their populations and energy independence as they enter cycles of drought and sweltering heat.

Environmental perturbation threatens the continued development of societies, their economies and channels scarce resources into the relocation of large populations from coastal regions. Tens or hundreds of billions of dollars to address these changes are at stake. So technological solutions – even nascent ones such as gMOD – are worth exploring for their potential application.

Adapting

The report focuses upon our ability to adapt to change as well as continue efforts to use less fossil fuels, develop carbon-neutral energy technologies, capture and store carbon and assist more vulnerable countries. One of the first challenges under adaptation is to our coast regions.

The increased probability of flooding can be attenuated by use of gMOD to produce standing fields to act as virtual dykes and retaining walls. This is especially important for the continued operation of non-nuclear and nuclear power generation facilities that have been located on the coast or on flood plains to provide easy access to water for cooling requirements. Use of gMOD to provide extensive standing fields comparable to the seawalls of the Netherlands is not feasible except in cases of very short term application such as preventing storm surges during hurricanes or typhoons.

As highway transportation routes in coastal districts become flooded the most immediate short-term strategy might be to raise highway beds and relocated bridges. These coastal districts might provide the first opportunity to deploy gMOD assisted bridge structures or gravity-assist car ferries to convey passengers and vehicles.

Eventually a complete Intelligent Transportation System integrated with metro-wide WiFi and GPS systems will allow autonomous gravityships to replace ground freight transportation for shipping and logistics. Increased reliability will lead to gravity-assisted passenger vehicles and current infrastructure of highways and bridges will give way to digital infrastructures for managing traffic in Class G airspace – at altitudes 1200 feet above ground level. However the transition time for such a transition (total replacement will likely never be achieved) will take decades and is on the order of creating a national highway system.

Relocating residential areas away from flood plains to reduce the risk of flooding means that urban densities may need to be increased. Enhancing building engineering techniques through gMOD would allow for taller building designs through load reduction. Use of “floating architecture” techniques applied to single residences and multifamily dwellings would allow their aggregation in vertically “layered” urban spaces. Such a redistribution may be permanent or merely transient as weather patterns suggest precautionary relocation.

As climate change increases the perturbations in weather patterns contribute to long term heat spells and drought. As suggested in this blog in December, gMOD could be employed to mine and transport portions of glaciers ready to calf into the ocean thus reducing (or delaying) sea level increase while recharging ground water reserves in drought stricken regions.

A less Herculean task would be to employ gMOD stationary platforms to vertically moor large but light weight sun screens and filters to reduce heat infiltration and reflect light away from glaciers in order to slow their melting. Similar shades could also be employed to reduce the urban island heat effect in metropolitan areas and urban spaces.

Antarctic and Greenland glaciers continue to melt at a rate of 36 cubic miles per year. It has been noted by researchers that the loss of weight currently forcing the Antarctic landmass down will cause the continent rebound and displace more ocean as the continental shelf rises. The gravitational attraction of surrounding ocean waters to the six thousand foot Antarctic glaciers will be lost when they melt. This will reduce the ice mass’s current tidal effects in the southern oceans and further increase sea levels elsewhere.

One potential deployment of gMOD would be to create thousands or tens of thousands of gravitationally attractive zones throughout mid-ocean areas to lift water above sea level thus reducing sea levels in temperate coastal zones. Should one or a few zones fail the resultant mid-oceanic wave produced would be small compared to tsunamis caused by earthquakes or sea mound collapses.

Energy

Modifying gravity and generating fields for propulsion, repulsion, standing walls, etc. does not at first glance appear to be a means for generating power. However, Extended Heim Theory theorist Walter Dröscher has already filed patents for producing energy through the artificial gravity generated by gravitophotons. More on this patent is not currently known but the nature of experimental results may shed some light.

Dr. Martin Tajmar’s experimental results in generating gravitomagnetic fields by the rotation of condensed matter measured effects thirty orders of magnitude larger than predicted by general relativity. That is, the fields detected in his laboratory were a thousand billion billion billion times greater than classical gravity should be able to explain.

It should be noted that Noether’s First Theorem predicts that energy is conserved for energy transactions that do not vary over time. Should an exchange of energy – such as the transition of potential energy to kinetic energy when a ball is dropped – be different on Tuesdays than it is on Thursdays then symmetry is lost and the system is non-conservative.

Imagine a waterwheel where the energy of falling water under the influence of gravity (gravitons) is less than that required to lift the same volume of water under the influence of gMOD (gravitophotons). Clearly this system is non-conservative and would result in excess energy that could be transmitted through a waterwheel to turn electric turbines.

Even without direct energy production the usage of fossil fuels could be reduced by gMOD through its potential to lighten loads in rail and air transportation and thereby friction in engines and powertrains. Airplanes and highway vehicles would run more efficiently and consumption of fuel – whether fossil fuel or renewable biofuels – would be reduced.

Carbon

So gMOD might help us adapt to the changing environment and generate cleaner energy. But even as we transition to cleaner technologies the atmospheric levels of carbon will continue to increase until carbon production is reduced to a level than can be countered by the absorptive capabilities of our oceans and forests. Can gMOD be employed to absorb and store carbon directly?

A uniformly accelerating system is considered equivalent to a local gravitational field according to Einstein’s Principal of Equivalence.  Under this principal the difference between centrifugal forces and gravity cannot be distinguished by an observer inside the system.  Any process requiring a centrifuge to separate materials by their specific gravity could be reproduced by a suitable artificial gravity field.  Such centrifuging could be applied to the bulk separation of liquids and gaseous aggregates.

Carbon dioxide has a higher specific gravity than oxygen or nitrogen. In the atmosphere it could be separated from the atmosphere by a gMOD-moderated centrifuge. Stations could be established at sources of CO2 such as industrial smokestacks or extraction sites for natural gas. CO2 could then be contained under pressure and shipped to storage facilities. If credence is given to inventors Wallace and Hollingshead then lower temperatures in the range of 100K accompany artificial gravitational field generation and the gas may be frozen as a solid and shipped more conveniently.

Technology Transfer

Sharing this technology with developing nations facing imminent coastal inundation would minimize disruption of world markets. Because economic distress can be accompanied by political strife, technology transfer to adapt to climate change may help those countries remain politically stable.

Of course, any new technology has its risks and gMOD does provide an opportunity to utilize it capabilities for non-benevolent purposes – from crowd control and military uses to centrifugal separation of transuranic isotopes.

—————

As noted in the IME report, “the implementation of these solutions and their further innovation will depend on political, economic and social will”. The use of gMOD for coping with climate change will similarly depend upon political, economic and social will and involve substantial cultural change as well. But in the end the transition to a more flexible and robust system employing gMOD to counter changes in our environment brought about by our own actions will better position us for continued growth and opportunity in the last half of this century.

Tenuous connections – part 1

Hollingshead – Wallace – Dröscher/Hauser

The following discussion attempts to articulate some similarities between mechanisms behind Dröscher and Hauser’s (D&H) Extende Heim Theory (EHT) and Hollingshead’s Marcus Device. Connections between the nascent EHT and Hollingshead’s unproven technology are extremely speculative yet intriguing.

The inventor Marcus Hollingshead (referred to in earlier entries here and here) stated several years ago that according to analysts at a Cambridge physics lab a proton is “pushed to become a neutron” in the nuclei of his device’s central iron “Rp”. The result according to Hollingshead is the production of local gravity lensing, cooling effects, force fields and also “by-products” (ionizing radiation) which presumably are due to a nuclear mechanism.

Hollingshead hypothesized no specific nuclear mechanism, but I have often wondered if other gMOD claimants may have posited a nuclear mechanism for devices exhibiting similar side effects. There is one: Henry Wm Wallace.

Is Wallace’s proposed nuclear mechanism a good fit for Hollingshead’s claims? I’ll save the look at claimed force field similarities for a later date. Today the focus is upon potential mechanism and reported similarities in cooling effects.

Comparisons to Wallace

The mechanism for the heat pump lowering the temperature (down to 100K) of Hollingshead’s Marcus Device may have been elucidated within Wallace’s US Patents No. 3626606 and 3823570. Wallace, a scientist at GE Aerospace, was issued patents in the early 1970s for the generation of a time-variant “kinemassic” (gravitomagnetic) field. He posited that a refrigeration effect concomitant with a gMOD effect was due to “polarization of the spin nuclei of the lattice structure due to the polarization effects of the applied kinemassic force field.  The polarization results in a change in the specific heat property of the crystal material“. As a result the lattice vibrations (phonons) within a target crystalline structure established an appreciable temperature reduction.

Wallace posited that by aligning the nuclear spin of materials having an odd number of protons and neutrons (any material with an odd number of protons and neutrons is a fermion) greater order is created in the material thus resulting in a change in specific heat. Heat flows away from the material and thus it acts as a heat pump.

The resultant precession of nuclear angular momentum was suggested to be similar to a rapidly spinning ferrous material. Wallace said that there was an analogy between un-paired angular momentum in these materials and the un-paired magnetic moments of electrons in ferromagnetic materials.

Wallace is unclear about his exact meaning of “polarization of the spin nuclei” and the magnitude of the effect. However, there is a well-studied phenomenon, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), which is a phenomenon that make possible highly accurate MRI medical imaging. DNP has been intensively investigated since the 1950s, primarily at low magnetic fields. DNP is considered one of several techniques for hyperpolarization, the nuclear spin polarization of a material far beyond thermal equilibrium conditions (down to cryogenic levels).

Thus a well-established phenomenon, DNP, which is achieved at low magnetic field strength could be a basis for Hollingsheads’ reported cooling effects if Hollingshead’s device can be tied to DNP.

Assuming Wallace’s nuclear mechanism underlies the cooling of the Marcus Device, does Wallace’s “ kinemassic force ” further connect to Dröscher and Hauser’s gravitophoton mechanism?

Comparisions to D&H

Dröscher and Hauser (D&H) and their Extended Heim Theory provide a theoretical basis for the experimental results found by Martin Tajmar. Tajmar’s results (as suggested by D&H) suggest a coupling to massive Cooper pair (electron pair) bosons produced by superconducting niobium.

In Tajmar’s experiments the superconductivity provides for spontaneous symmetry breaking, forming Cooper pairs occurs at very low temperatures responsible for the Meissner effect. This means that the magnetic field lines cannot penetrate into the medium and remains in a thin layer on the surface. D&H state, “Hence, there is a finite range electromagnetic field, which corresponds to a massive photon. The penetration depth of the field is associated with the wavelength of the photon and is mass is determined by its Compton wave length “.

According to D&H such coupling has much lower requirements in terms of magnetic field strength, current densities, etc. to produce an equivalent effect with fermionic coupling. Perhaps Wallace’s gMOD effect is due to bosonic coupling to the phonons in the crystalline lattice of his material, but fermionic coupling through the proton seems less likely to provide a measurable effect.

Where does this leave Hollingshead? His device employed low level magnetic fields suitable for DNP, but the lack of crystalline lattice materials (except perhaps for the existence of ferrite cubic lattice structures in his pure iron Rp) leaves us wanting a suitable boson candidate for coupling.

But if the materials of the Rp are lacking in suitability, perhaps its structure revives its candidacy. The Rp had an iron core surrounded by several layers of Kapton dielectric and thin (1.5 mm) iron shells. The electromagnet coils pulsed the Rp at closest approach but the dielectric would have isolated the depth of the magnetic field to the thickness of the shell, much like a ferrite ring isolates the field of an attached magnet. This depth of the shell is very much greater than a comparable penetration depth due to the Meissner effect, but perhaps it too generates a photon sufficiently massive.

Since the Marcus Device is a highly charged device (4.2 Kva in its iron core coils and capacitive Rp) perhaps this energetic state capable of producing ionizing radiation contributes to a massive photon… or does so enhanced by coupling to phonons in the crystalline structure of pure iron.

So some key questions for further inquiry are:

  • Do D&H’s proposed absorption of gravitophotons by protons also result in polarization of the spin nuclei? And if so, does this realignment lead to Hollingshead’s cooling effect?
  • Can gravitophotons (either attractive or repulsive) couple with phonons in crystalline lattice materials?
  • Does Hollingshead’s device produce finite range electromagnetic fields suitable for producing massive photons?